Joseph Thomas Clay and Anna Woodman Clay

Joseph Thomas Clay was born in Quincy, Adams County, Illinois on 12 May 1873. He was the son of William Clay and Elizabeth Mallon Clay. He was the maternal uncle of Helen Struck Coakley. Not many records have been located related to Joseph's early years. William and Elizabeth purchased the lot at 1135 North Eleventh street and built a house on it while Joseph was still a baby. 

1135 North Eleventh St, Quincy, IL

In 1884 Joseph went to work as a laborer at the Quincy Saw Mill where his father worked. In approximately 1892 Joseph and his brother John left Quincy and moved to Chicago, Cook County, Illinois where Joseph met Anna Woodman. Anna was the daughter of William and Margaret Woodman. She was probably born in February 1872 in Chicago. William was a stone cutter who probably immigrated from Ireland.

On 19 April 1894 Joseph and Anna were married at Holy Family Catholic Church.

Joseph and Anna had four children. They were all baptized at Holy Family Catholic Church in Chicago:

• Annie Elizabeth was born 10 September 1897 and was baptized 3 October 1897. Annie went by Lillian.
• Margaret Mary was born 6 December 1898 and was baptized 22 December 1898.
• Joseph Alfred was born 22 October 1901 and was baptized 14 November 1901.
• Maria Catherine was born 22 May 1903 and was baptized 11 June 1903. 

The family was close to Anna's family. Joseph, Anna, Annie and Margaret were living with Margaret Woodman on West 13th Street in Chicago on the 1900 census. This is the last time the family is all together on a census record. There are gaps in time when Joseph isn't listed on the Census or in the City Directories. Anna's marital status isn't consistent, on a number of records she is listed as Joseph's widow years before he actually died on 12 September 1932.

The 1910 City Directory lists Joseph at 1413 S Centre Avenue; this is the same address where Ann and the family, including Margaret Woodman, were living on the 1910 Census. Joseph was included with the family on the census.

Joseph isn't listed again until 1914, in both 1914 and 1915 he is living at the same address as Anna and her mother.

In 1917 the City Directory lists Anna as the widow of Joseph. Three of her children - Joseph, Lillian, and Margaret are living at the same address and Joseph isn't listed in the City Directory. 

In 1920, Anna and the four kids are still living with her mother and Joseph isn't listed. The family was still living at 1413 Centre Avenue. Anna was the head of the family even though her Mother is still living with them. There was a border living with them and Anna was working outside the home to support the family. Anna's marital status shows married.

In 1923, Anna and Joseph are both listed at the same address 3617 Lexington. Anna is listed as Joseph's widow and Joseph is working as an express helper.

In 1930 on the census, Anna, Margaret, and Marie with her husband, Robert Dressel, were living at 4853 Adams. Anna is listed as a widow and it working as a cook at a hospital.

Joseph died 12 September 1932 and was buried in Mount Carmel Catholic Cemetery. At the time of his death he was living with his son, Joseph A. His death certificate says he was married to Anna. No obituary for Joseph has been located.

Anna obituary was published in the Chicago Tribune on Wednesday, December 26, 1951 and she is listed as "the beloved wife of the late Joseph".

The wording in her obituary sounds like the couple was happily married but the other records don't paint the same picture. The references to Anna as a widow before Joseph's death could have been due to incorrect information provided to the Census taker and the person who collected information for the City Directories, but since it happened multiple times that doesn't seem likely. Joseph was missing from records for multiple years; however, the gaps in the records don't correspond with the references to Anna as a widow. According to his death certificate, Joseph was living with his son when he died, which could support that he and Anna may have been estranged. Unless more records are found, we may never know what the truth is about the relationship between Joseph and Anna.

Sources

1. Chicago Tribune, 26 December 1951 page 36.
2. Death Certificate and Correction of Death Record of Joseph T Clay, Chicago, Cook County, IL, Certificate #24093, Newspapers.com.
3. 1900 US Census,  Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, ED 200, Sheet 13B, Ancestry.com.
4. 1910 US Census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, ED 1471, Sheet 9A, Ancestry.com.
5. 1920 US Census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, ED 2248, Sheet 13B, Ancestry.com
6. 1930 US Census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, ED 16-104, Sheet 5A, Ancestry.com
7. City Directories, Chicago, Illinois 1892-1923, Footnote.com.
8. City Directories, Quincy, Adams County, Illinois 1884-1891, Quincy Public Library.
9. Interment Register, Mount Carmel Cemetery, p 196, FamilySearch.org, Illinos, Archdiocese of Chicago, cemetery records, 1864-1989.
10. Marriage License, Cook County, Illinois, certificate 216402.
11. Baptism records, Holy Family Parish, Chicago, IL.
12. Quincy Herald, 1 September 1875 page 4, "Building Permits".
13. Deeds, Adams County Courthouse - book 66 page 475; book 88, page 449; book 14 page 448; book 18 page 323; book 218 page 350.

Clara Was A Wrestling Fan

Clara Ziebold Sennott was the perfect grandma. She always had home-baked cookies, she was comforting when you took a tumble out of the red wagon going down the terrace in the back yard, she grew African Violets, and always had time to read a story.

Every morning, Clara, cut up bread and put it in the bird feeder that hung in the Willow Tree in the back yard. After the bread was in the feeder, she tapped on the top of the wooden bird feeder with the saucer, and we went back into the kitchen and watched through the window. There were sparrows, cardinals, and blue jays that came to the Willow Tree for breakfast every morning.  Clara would get upset was when the squirrels would get into the bird feeder. She kept a stick by the back door and she would go running out the door waving the stick telling the squirrels to get out of the bird feeder.

Clara's sewing machine was in the attic at the head of the stairs, it was a Singer that operated with a foot pedal. It was a huge temptation to "sew" and boy did we make a mess a couple of times. It took Clara a long time to untangle the thread and fix the tension.

I was surprised to learn that Clara was a fan of "Gorgeous George" the wrestler. She would watch his matches whenever she could. 

According to the WWE Hall of Fame profile, George Wagner was born in 1915. After a few years as a wrestler he got an idea and created Gorgeous George, "a snooty, platinum blonde villain who draped himself in lace and fur and entered the ring to the strains of 'Pomp and Circumstance'. Accompanied by a manservant who sprayed the ring down with Chanel perfume, George would enrage the audience just by walking into an arena."

George was one of the first to create a persona and quickly became one of the biggest attraction in wrestling. In the 1940's he was the highest-paid athlete in the world. George was a major star through the 1950s and Clara was a big fan. He passed away in 1963. 

George inspired wrestlers that came after him like Ric Flair and Buddy Rogers. He also influenced others like Muhammad Ali, Bob Dylan and James Brown. 

Being a wrestling fan, seemed so out of character for Clara. When Clara's daughter told me about her watching Gorgeous George's matches, I was surprised. It just goes to show that we can all have many varied interests. 

Sources

1. WWE website - https://www.wwe.com/superstars/gorgeousgeorge

Who is Anton Wilke?

Christian Hoffmeister was the maternal grandfather of Clara Ziebold Sennott. He was a business owner, alderman and prominent citizen of Carondelet. At the time Carondelet was a separate city, it has since been annexed and is now part of St. Louis.

A search in the St. Louis Genealogical Societies Probate Abstracts resulted in a number of estates that named Christian Hoffmeister as executor. One of the estates that named Christian as executor was the estate of Anton Wilke. Reviewing the estate papers led to an important piece in the puzzle of Christian's family.

Anton was Christian's step father. His mother Wilhelmina Brunke married three times. Her first husband was Heinrich Dege. They had at least one son, Heinrich Dege. After his death she married Carl Hoffmeister. They had at least three children - Christian, Wilhelm and Johanna. After Carl's death Wilhelmina married Anton Wilke.

Anton Wilke and Wilhelmina Brunke Dege Hoffmeister Wilke came to the United States from Hannover sometime before 3 June 1848  when Christian Hoffmeister purchases Lot number 8 in Block number 2 of Blow & Le Beaume's addition to the City of St. Louis for $105.00. The property had a 30 feet front on Third Street and ran back 132 feet 6 inches to an alley . Wilhelmina Wilke, wife of Anton Wilke has use of the property for the term of her natural life and after her demise the property defaulted to Christian Hoffmeister.

In 1850, Anton and Wilhelmina appear on the Federal Census in the City of St. Louis. Wilhelm and Johanna are living with them on the census. Anton is working as a laborer and Wilhelm is a butcher.

On 9 November 1852 Anton and Wilhelmina purchased lot number 10 in block number 3 of John B Duchouquette's addition to the City of St. Louis which has a 29 foot front at 740 Columbus Street and runs 146 feet and 2 inches deep for $1650.00. There was a promissory note filed on the same day in the deed books, Anton and Wilhelmina borrowed $510 which was to be repaid in two years with 6% interest.

Anton wrote his will on 28 August 1853, "being according to my own apprehension of infirm state of health and sensible of my liability to sudden death but at the same time of sound and proposing mind and being at the same time anxious to make a suitable disposition of my real and personal personal estate." In his will, Anton included the names of the first two husbands of his wife, Wilhelmina and the living children of each marriage.

Anton passed away on 20 October 1853 of consumption. He named his wife, Wilhelmina as his Executrix. Unfortunately, she died a few days later on 24

October, 1853. Anton was buried 21 October 1853 in the church cemetery after a mass at St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church. Wilhelmina was buried in Holy Ghost cemetery, she was a member of the German Evangelical church.

Christian Hoffmeister was appointed Administrator of Anton's estate. His heirs were Heinrich Dege, Christian Hoffmeister, Wilhelm Hoffmeister and Johanna Hoffmeister, the children of his wife Wilhelmina.

Since Anton passed away before the promissory note on the property he purchased on Columbus street, the property was sold for $2200. The note was repaid and the balance was included in Anton's estate.

Christian paid Heinrich Dege, Wilhelm Hoffmeister and Johanna Hoffmeister each $100 for improvements that Anton and Wilhelmina made to the property on Third Street.  Johanna's share was paid to Heinrich Dege as her guardian since she was of unsound mind and incapable of managing her affairs.

The inventory of Anton's estate was valued at $96.85 and included clothing, household items, furniture, a saddle, a wheel barrel, a stove, and two cows. Christian, as administrator, was allowed to dispose of the property in lieu of holding a sale since much of the property was "from the old country into this country and is not customary here and almost worn off."

After all the debts were paid, the final settlement of Anton's estate was $1781.11. $800 was set aside for Johanna and the balance was divided between the four heirs. They received $245.27 each. 

Thanks to the completeness of Anton's will, we know who Christian's parents and siblings were.

Sources
1. "Missouri Probate Records, 1750-1998," images, Family Search (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9LM-CS9R?cc=2399107&wc=QZ9D-HRT%3A1327907501%2C1328512742 : 22 September 2014), St. Louis (Independent City) > Wills, 1849-1862, vol D-F > image 228 of 797; Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City.
2. "Register of Deaths, 1850-1909," images, Ancestry.com, St Louis,  Missouri Death Records, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City, p 89.
3. " Church Records, 1844-1974," Catholic Church, St Vincent de Paul, St. Louis, Missouri, FHL film 1872288, Item 6, Burials 1845-1864.
4. 1850 US Federal Census, St. Louis Ward 1, St. Louis (Independent City), Missouri, M432, Roll 415, page 144B, Lines 16-24.
5. Deed, St. Louis, Missouri, Book S4, Page 514, FHL Film 531580. 
6. Deed, St. Louis, MIssouri, Book M6, Page 271, FHL Film 531608.

7. Deed, St. Louis, Missouri, Book V6, Page 164, FHL Film 531788

8. Deed, St. Louis, Missiouri, Book 161, Pages 176-178, FHL Film 531797.

9. St. Louis Probate Court Digitization Project, 1802-1900, Probate file of Anton Wilke, Missouri Digital Heritage,  https://www.sos.mo.gov/Images/Archives/Judicial2/C30912_142063.pdf  

10. "Register of Deaths, 1850-1909," images, Ancestry.com, St. Louis, Missouri Death Records, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City, p. 92.

Harry B Sennott's First Automobile

1916 Ford Runabout

"In the spring of 1916 I had $500 saved up and bought a 1916 new Ford Roadster for $398.00. It took a crank to start them at night you opened the headlights and touched a match to the carbide gas to form the lights. At first, water was added to carbide - crystals, to generate gas. Later on gas was available in a tank fastened to the running board. There were no dimmers. If you had a flat, you jacked up the car and had to patch the tire from scratch. Some cars had a spare tire. The windshield wiper operated by hand. When it rained, curtains stored under the back seat were put on the sides." 

Harry wrote this in the autobiography he wrote in the Spring of 1968.

In 1916 Ford produced four models - a Coupe, Touring Car, Sedan, Town Car, and Runabout. There were 98,633 Runabouts produced and they sold for $390.00 according to the American Automobiles website. "They had 100 inch wheelbase and a 56 inch tread with 30 inch wheels and tires."  

The 1916 Ford was featured in a Westinghouse ad that can be found on Amazon.com. 

Sources

1. American Automobiles Website http://www.american-automobiles.com/Ford/1916-Ford.html

2. Amazon.com Ad https://smile.amazon.com/Ford-Roadster-Driver-Westinghouse-Electric/dp/B00QPSRCGG/ref=smi_www_rco2_go_smi_g1405964225?_encoding=UTF8&%2AVersion%2A=1&%2Aentries%2A=0&ie=UTF8

3. Picture of 1916 Ford Runabout https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1916_Ford_T_Runabout_pic2.JPG

4. The Autobiography of Harry B Sennott manuscript in the collection of the author. 

John L Coakley, Structural Engineer

John Leonard Coakley became a respected structural engineer despite having to drop out of school in the 7th grade to help support the family when his father was killed.

After being injured in World War I he returned to Kansas City and began studying on his own and prepared to enroll in the Missouri School of Mines and Metalurgy (now Univeristy of Missouri, Rolla). He was admitted as a special student 3 November 1919. John attended classes from 1919 to 1921. He eventually took the exam and became a Professional Engineer.

John was listed as an Apprentice Structural Engineer on the 1920 Federal Census.  By 1924 he was working for Kansas City Railroad and from 1925 to 1927 as a Draftsman for Missouri Valley Bridge Company. In 1927 John moved his family to a homestead in Tule Lake, Siskyou County, California. He returned to Kansas City in 1946.

In the 1950's, John was working for Missouri Valley Steel Company, they had a contract to build 14 passenger cargo boats and 28 65-foot harbor tug boats for the US Navy. He designed a jig so they could build the boats upside down and then turn them over.

The following pictures show a boat being turned over after construction.

Once the boats were completed they would be taken to New Orleans. In order to do this John designed a tow boat that was named "Delivery".  It was actually two half boats that were bolted together. Each half boat had it's own flotation and power plant. When the tow boat reached New Orleans it was split in two and placed on flatbed railroad cars and returned to Leavenworth, Kansas where it was re-assembled and took the next shipment of boats down the Mississippi.

Article from the Leavenworth Times, 19 July 1953

According to the Leavenworth Times the last two cargo boats left the shipyard 30 October 1953 headed for New Orleans. From there they would go on to the small boat basin at Charlestown, South Carolina. 

Sources

The Leavenworth Times, 19 July 1953 page 1 column 7. www.newspapers.com

The Leavenworth Times, 06 Aug 1953 page 1 column 1. www.newspapers.com

The Leavenworth Times, 30 Oct 1953 page 1 column 1. www.newspapers.com

Photograph collection of John L Coakley now in collection of the author. 

Official Transcript of John L Coakley from School of Mines and Metallurgy, University of Missouri, Rolla issued January 15, 1945. 

Kansas City, Kansas City Directories 1924-1927

1920 US Federal Census, microfilm T625, roll 556, supervisor district 2, enumeration district 180, sheet 5 B. Family of Rose Coakley.  

The Spelling of the Clay Family Surname

For many years I suspected that William and his brother Henry had been dropped off by an alien space ship in Cumberland, MD just before William married Elizabeth Mallon in 1864. Eventually as more records became easier to access and connecting with other researchers through the internet was possible, records of their parents and early lives were discovered. There is still more to uncover, but here is what has been found so far. 

We had two clues left by Helen Struck Coakley, the first was a paper with information about the Clay family from Helen's cousin that said the family was from Somerset County, Stoney Creek Township, Pennsylvania that listed all of the children of William and Elizabeth (Mallon) Clay.  William's death certificate listed his father as Martin Clay. Research in Somerset County did not turn up a family with the surname Clay that had a father Martin and a son William.

The second clue was that Helen left was in her Missal. She kept many prayer cards, most of them seemed to be family friends but one held critical information, Mrs. Margaret Smith. The surname Smith was among the relatives listed who were attending the 50th Wedding Anniversary celebration of William and Elizabeth. Margaret was from Washington, Franklin County, Missouri and passed away at the age of 77 years, 9 months and 18 days on 18 December 1905. Research in Franklin County turned up one possibility for Margaret - Mrs. Margaret Schmitt. Thanks to the burial record of her husband John at St. Francis Borgia catholic church, we know that Margaret's maiden name was Klee, which would have been pronounced Clay.

Armed with a new spelling of the family surname, research in the records of Somerset County was more successful. There was a Martin Klee family.

Martin Klee and Frederica Lauer were married, probably in Germany. Sources differ on where they were from. They had at least four children - Margarethe, William, Henry, and Susan. The records of St. John the Baptist Catholic church included the baptism of Martin, an adult convert from the Lutheran Church who was baptized 03 December 1843; William, son of Martin and Frederica Lauer, baptized 07 November 1841; Henry, son of Martin and Frederica baptized 10 March 1845; Susanna, daughter of Martin and Frederica, baptized, 28 August 1847 (she wasn't baptizes as an infant, she was born in 183?); and Maria Catharine born 1 March 1849. There was also a marriage record for Margaret Klee who married Martin Laurence Smith dated 4 June 1845.

The census records included an entry for Martin Kle in 1840 in Stoney Creek Township. He was between 40 and 49 years of age and there were three females in his household - one between 30 and 39 (Frederica) and two under 5 years of age. If Margaret was born in 1828 then she would have been 12 in 1840. The only other daughter that we have records for was Susanna who was born in 1833, she would have been 7. Either the Census was incorrect or there was another daughter that hasn't been identified and Margaret was living somewhere else.

The tax records for Somerset County, Pennsylvania included records for the Klee family. Martin did not own land but paid personal property taxes on one cow valued between $6 and $10 from 1841 through 1845. He was not listed on the tax rolls in 1846 and 1847 but was again listed in 1848 which was the last record found for Martin.

No record was found of the family in 1850. A newspaper article about the Golden Wedding Anniversary of William and Elizabeth says that Martin moved the family to Cumberland, Allegheny County, Maryland when William was a boy of 5 to 6 years old, this could explain the gap in the records for the family between 1848 and 1860.  Cumberland is right across the state line from Somerset County, Pennsylvania. No records of the family have been located in Cumberland until William married Elizabeth Mallon.

By 1860 Martin had probably passed away; Frederica was listed with William and Henry on the census in Allegheny Township, Somerset County, PA. Laurence and Margaret and their six children were listed nearby on the census.

There are tax records in Allegheny Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania from 1861 through 1864 for William Clay. He owned 10 acres valued at $30.00.

The family moved west shortly after William and Elizabeth Mallon were married in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland 11 April 1864. The 1865 Illinois State Census for William Clay in Quincy, Adams County, Illinois includes two women, one age 20-30 and one age 60-70. Elizabeth, William's wife would have been 17 and Frederica would have been about 60 years old.

Frederica was listed with Henry and his family on the 1870 Census; they were living in the 4th Ward of the City of Quincy.

By 1876 Frederica had moved to Washington, Franklin County, Missouri and was living near her daughter Margaret and her family. In 1880 Frederica was enumerated with Margaret's family on the Census in Washington.

The final record found for Frederica was at St. Gertrude's Catholic Church in Krakow, Franklin County, Missouri - a small town about 10 miles from Washington. Frederica Klee, widow of Martin age 82, died 22 March 1886 and was buried on 24 March 1886 in the church cemetery.

Here is a map showing the places where the family lived in the United States.

We still need to determine where in Germany the family came from.

• The 1860 census says that Frederica was from Hanover and her daughter Margaret is listed as coming from Hesse Darmstadt. 
• The 1870 census that Frederica was from Prussia. 
• The 1880 census says that Frederica and Margaretha were from Hessen. 
• There is a ship's passenger list for a Martin and Frederica Klee along with a daughter from Holzheim but the facts don't all match the family so we aren't sure this is the correct immigration record. 

Thanks to records becoming more available some of the mysteries about the Clay family have been solved. 

Sources

US Federal Census Records, 1840 Somerset County, PA; 1860 Somerset County, PA; 1870 Quincy, Adams County, 1870; 1880 Washington, Franklin County, MO - all on Ancestry.com.

Missouri State Census - 1876 Washington, Franklin County, MO. Ancestry.com

Illinois State Census - 1865 Quincy, Adams County, IL. FamilySearch.org

Ledoux, Rev Albert H, Catholic Vital Records of Central Pennsylvania; St John the Baptist Catholic Church, New Baltimore, PA.

Assessment Rolls, 1795-1879; Somerset County, PA; Familysearch.org. 

Catholic Church, St. Gertrude's (Krakow, Missouri); Familysearch.org

Catholic Church, St. Francis Borgia's (Washington, Missouri); Familysearch.org

Find A Grave

Journey to America

The ship Samuel Fox arrived in New York City on 25 July 1851. Among the passengers were three couples from Baden - Gottlieb Ziebold, his brother, Joseph Ziebold, Maria Magdelna Schnaiter, her sister Caroline Schnaiter, Jacob Steinhauer, and Caroline Ringwald.

The group started their journey in Baden. Gottlieb, Joseph, and Caroline Ringwald lived in Wagenstadt, Herbolzheim, Baden and Maria Magdalena and Caroline Schnaiter were from Broggingen, Herbolzheim, Baden.

Maria Magdalena applied for a passport in Broggingen and it was issued on 10 May 1851. The passport says that she is going to America to visit relatives. It includes a physical description of Maria and her signature at the bottom. 

The passage in the Samuel M Fox was advertised in the Freiburger Zeitung a newspaper in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden on May 17, 1851.  

The three couples traveled to Le Havre, France. Among the belongings they took with them was a trunk that was passed down from Gottlieb through the family to Mina Sennott, his great-grandaughter. 

The ship Samuel M Fox sailed with 622 passengers from Le Havre on 10 June 1851 and the passengers disembarked in New York City 45 days later on 25 July 1851. There was a family story that there was a fire on board the ship and it almost sunk. There was no mention of the fire in the newspapers of the time but according to the New York Herald "The SMF has had a succession of light westerly winds and calms with continual fogs and rain."

On the day the group arrived the weather was very different from the area they came from in Baden, it was "one of the sultriest and most oppressively hot days of the present season. The heavy rain which fell on Thursday night tended in some degree to cool and rarify the atmosphere during the forenoon, but from about three o'clock pm until sunset the suffocating heat was almost beyond endurance. About six o'clock strong symptoms of heavy rain appeared; but the armament soon became cleared of it masses of black clouds and at night the neared blue sky was bespangled with brilliantly shining stars. The highest degree of head indicated by the thermometer yesterday was 85 at 3 o'clock pm yet we have seen the mercury rise above 90 degrees at times when the heat was more endurable and less stifling."

The group found rooms at 103 Liberty Street. Two of the couples married shortly after they arrived at a St. Matthew a German Evangelical Lutheran church in New York City. Gottlieb married Maria Magdalena 5 August 1851. Their marriage certificate survives.  Joseph married Carolina Schnaiter a week later on 12 August 1851.

Shortly after their marriages, the two couples set off for Ross County, Ohio where there cousin, Daniel Ziebold and his wife Maria Katharine Ringwald lived along with other relatives. 

Sources

1. New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957; Samuel M Fox Passenger List, 1851 Arrival; Microfilm M237 roll 102, line 43; List 1002. Ancestry.com <www.ancestry.com>. 
2. Passport of Maria Magdalena Schnaiter. Original is part of the Joseph Rickert family papers in the manuscript collection at Southern Illinois University Special Collections Research Center. 
3. Freiburger Zeitung, vom 17 Mai 1851, digital Freiburger historische Bestande - digital Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg <https://fz.ub.uni-freiburg.de/show/fz.cgi?cmd=showpic&ausgabe=02&day=17x&year=1851&month=05&project=3&anzahl=2>
4. New York Herald; "Maritime Intelligence", Morning Edition Friday July 25, 1851 and "City Intellicence", Saturday, July 26, 1851 page 4 col 4. 
5. Marriage Certificate of Gottlieb Ziebold and Maria Magdalena Ziebold, original in the collection of the author. 
6. New York City, Lutheran Church Records, 1834-1854; Ancestry.com <www.ancestry.com>.